# application: tropical

This application concentrates on tropical hypersurfaces and tropical cones. It provides the functionality for the computation of basic properties. Visualization and various constructions are possible.

imports from: common, graph
uses: fan, group, ideal, matroid, polytope, topaz

## Objects

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### Cone

A tropical cone is the tropical convex hull of finitely many points in tropical projective space. It should always be defined via POINTS instead of VERTICES, as those define the combinatorics of the induced subdivision.

##### Type Parameters
 Addition Either Min or Max. There is NO default for this, you have to choose! Scalar Rational by default. The underlying type of ordered group.

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### Combinatorics

These properties capture combinatorial information of the object. Combinatorial properties only depend on combinatorial data of the object like, e.g., the face lattice.

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### Geometry

These properties capture geometric information of the object. Geometric properties depend on geometric information of the object, like, e.g., vertices or facets.

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DOME: polytope::Polytope

This is the dome of the tropical hyperplane arrangement defined by the POINTS. I.e. we take as function the (tropical) product of the tropical linear polynomials defined in the following manner: For each point (p_0,...,p_d) we get the linear polynomial sum_{i=1}^d (1/p_i) * x_i, where sum is the DUAL tropical addition and * and / is regular addition and subtraction, respectively.

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ENVELOPE: polytope::Polytope

Tropical cones have a natural description as the complex of certain faces of their envelopes. This envelope depends on the choice of the POINTS that generate the tropical polytope.

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POINTS: common::Matrix

Input points in tropical homogeneous coordinates. This is the fixed system of generators with respect to which many combinatorial properties are expressed.

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PROJECTIVE_AMBIENT_DIM: common::Int

Dimension of the tropical projective space which contains the tropical polytope.

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PSEUDOVERTICES: common::Matrix

Pseudovertices are the vertices of the type decomposition of the tropical torus induced by POINTS. They are projections of the vertices of ENVELOPE. Note that each pseudovertex is given in tropical homogeneous coordinates with a leading 1 or 0, depending on whether it is a vertex or a ray.

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VERTICES: common::Matrix

Vertices of the tropical convex hull, a submatrix of POINTS

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VERTICES_IN_POINTS: common::Array<Int>

Entries correspond to VERTICES. They describe for each vertex, what its row index in POINTS is.

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### Geometry

These methods capture geometric information of the object. Geometric properties depend on geometric information of the object, like, e.g., vertices or facets.

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cone_subdivision_as_complex (chart) → fan::PolyhedralComplex

This returns the subdivision of the cone induced by POINTS as a polyhedral complex on a chosen affine chart.

##### Parameters
 Int chart Which coordinate to normalize to 0. This is 0 by default.
##### Returns
 fan::PolyhedralComplex
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torus_subdivision_as_complex (chart) → fan::PolyhedralComplex

This returns the subdivision of the tropical torus induced by POINTS as a polyhedral complex on a chosen affine chart

##### Parameters
 Int chart Which coordinate to normalize to 0. This is 0 by default.
##### Returns
 fan::PolyhedralComplex
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### Visualization

These methods are for visualization.

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VISUAL () → fan::Visual::PolyhedralFan

Visualize the subdivision of the cone induced by POINTS.

##### Options
 option list: Visual::TropicalCone::decorations
##### Returns
 fan::Visual::PolyhedralFan
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VISUAL_HYPERPLANE_ARRANGEMENT () → fan::Visual::PolyhedralFan

Visualize the arrangement of hyperplanes with apices in the POINTS of the tropical polytope.

##### Options
 option list: Visual::Polygons::decorations
##### Returns
 fan::Visual::PolyhedralFan
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VISUAL_SUBDIVISION () → fan::Visual::PolyhedralFan

Visualize the subdivision of the torus induced by POINTS.

##### Options
 option list: Visual::TropicalCone::decorations
##### Returns
 fan::Visual::PolyhedralFan

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### CovectorLattice

This is an augmented version of FaceLattice, which for each cell in a covector decomposition also saves the corresponding type.

derived from: graph::FaceLattice

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### Combinatorics

These properties capture combinatorial information of the object. Combinatorial properties only depend on combinatorial data of the object like, e.g., the face lattice.

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COVECTORS: common::NodeMap<Directed, IncidenceMatrix<NonSymmetric>>

Each node in the face lattice is a cell of a covector decomposition (of either the tropical torus or the tropical span of some points). This property maps each cell to the corresponding covector. A covector is encoded as an IncidenceMatrix, where rows correspond to coordinates and columns to POINTS.

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### Visualization

These methods are for visualization.

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VISUAL ()

Visualizes the covector lattice. This works the same as a visualization of a Hasse diagram except that by default, covectors are displayed. This can be turned off by the option Covectors=>"hidden"

##### Options
 option list: Visual::CovectorLattice::decorations
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### Cycle

A tropical cycle is a weighted, balanced, pure polyhedral complex. It is given as a polyhedral complex in tropical projective coordinates. To be precise: Each row of VERTICES and LINEALITY_SPACE has a leading 1 or 0, depending on whether it is a vertex or a ray. The remaining n coordinates are interpreted as an element of Rn modulo (1,..,1). IMPORTANT NOTE: VERTICES are assumed to be normalized such that the first coordinate (i.e. column index 1) is 0. If your input is not of that form, use PROJECTIVE_VERTICES. Note that there is a convenience method thomog, which converts affine coordinates into projective coordinates.

derived from: fan::PolyhedralComplex<Rational>
##### Type Parameters
 Addition The tropical addition. Warning: There is NO default for this, you have to choose either Max or Min.

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### Affine and projective coordinates

These properties deal with affine and projective coordinates, conversion between those and properties like dimension that change in projective space.

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### Combinatorics

These properties capture combinatorial information of the object. Combinatorial properties only depend on combinatorial data of the object like, e.g., the face lattice.

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### Defining morphisms and functions

These properties are used to define morphisms or rational functions on a Cycle.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
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SEPARATED_CODIMENSION_ONE_POLYTOPES: common::IncidenceMatrix<NonSymmetric>

An incidence matrix describing which codimension one polytope in the complex is generated by which vertices. Each row corresponds to a codimension one polytope (More precisely, the i-th element represents the same codim 1 polytope as the i-th element of CODIMENSION_ONE_POLYTOPES). The indices in a row refer to rows of SEPARATED_VERTICES.

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SEPARATED_CONVERSION_VECTOR: common::Vector<Int>

A vector with an entry for each row in SEPARATED_VERTICES. More precisely, the i-th entry gives the row index of the ray in VERTICES that is equal to the i-th row of SEPARATED_VERTICES.

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SEPARATED_MAXIMAL_POLYTOPES: common::IncidenceMatrix<NonSymmetric>

An incidence matrix describing which maximal polytope in the complex us generated by which rays. Each row corresponds to a maximal polytope (More precisely, the i-th element represents the same maximal polytope as the i-th element of MAXIMAL_POLYTOPES). The indices in a row refer to rows of SEPARATED_VERTICES, i.e. the maximal polytope described by the i-th element is generated by the vertices corresponding to these row indices.

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SEPARATED_VERTICES: common::Matrix<Rational, NonSymmetric>

This is a matrix of vertices of the complex. More precisely, each ray r from VERTICES occurs as a row in this matrix... - once, if r_0 = 1 - k times, if r_0 = 0 and k is the number of equivalence classes of maximal cones containing r with respect to the following relation: Two maximal cones m, m' containing r are equivalent, if they are equal or there exists a sequence of maximal cones m = m_1,...m_r = m', such that r is contained in each m_i and each intersection m_i cap m_i+1 contains at least one ray s with s_0 = 1. The reason for this is that, when for example specifying a piecewise affine linear function on a polyhedral complex, the same far ray with x0 = 0 might be assigned two different values, if it is contained in two "non-connected" maximal cones (where connectedness is to be understood as described above). If there is a LOCAL_RESTRICTION the above equivalence relation is changed in such a way that the affine ray s with s_0 = 1 that must be contained in the intersection of two subsequent cones must be a compatible ray

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### Input property

These properties are for input only. They allow redundant information.

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### Intersection theory

These are general properties related to intersection theory.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
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DEGREE: common::Integer

The degree of the tropical variety, i.e. the weight of the intersection product with a uniform tropical linear space of complementary dimension.

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### Local computations

These properties are used for doing computations locally around a specified part of a Cycle. ----- These +++ deal with the creation and modification of cycles with nontrivial LOCAL_RESTRICTION.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
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LOCAL_RESTRICTION: common::IncidenceMatrix<NonSymmetric>

This contains a list of sets of ray indices (referring to VERTICES). All of these sets should describe polyhedra of the polyhedral complex (though not necessarily maximal ones). A polyhedron is now called compatible with this property, if it contains one of these polyhedra If this list is not empty, all computations will be done only on (or around) compatible cones. The documentation of each property will explain in what way this restriction is enforced. If this list is empty or not defined, there is no restriction. Careful: The implementation assumes that ALL maximal cones are compatible. If in doubt, you can create a complex with a local restriction from a given complex by using one of the "local_..." creation methods This list is assumed to be irredundant, i.e. there are no doubles (though this should not break anything, it is simply less efficient). It is, however, possible that one element is a subset of another.

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### Weights and lattices

These properties relate to the weights of a tropical cycle.

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BALANCED_FACES: common::Vector<Bool>

A vector whose entries correspond to the rows of CODIMENSION_ONE_POLYTOPES. The i-th entry is true, if and only if the complex is balanced at that face

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
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IS_BALANCED: common::Bool

Whether the cycle is balanced. As many functions in a-tint can deal with non-balanced complexes, we include this as a property.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
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IS_IRREDUCIBLE: common::Bool

Whether this complex is irreducible.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
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LATTICE_BASES: common::IncidenceMatrix<NonSymmetric>

This incidence matrix gives a lattice basis for each maximal polytope. More precisely it gives a lattice basis whose span contains the lattice of the maximal polytope. Row i corresponds to cone i and gives lattice generator indices referring to LATTICE_GENERATORS. If this property is computed via rules, it does indeed give a lattice basis for the cone lattice, but when it is computed during an operation like refinement or divisor it will in general be larger. If this property exists, lattice normals might be computed faster.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
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LATTICE_GENERATORS: common::Matrix<Integer, NonSymmetric>

This is an irredundant list of all lattice generators of all maximal polyhedra. If this property exists, lattice normals might be computed faster

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
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LATTICE_NORMALS: common::Map<Pair<Int, Int>, Vector<Integer>>

The lattice normals of codimension one faces with respect to adjacent maximal cells. It maps a pair of indices (i,j) to the lattice normal of the codimension one face given by row i in CODIMENSION_ONE_POLYTOPES in the maximal cell given by row j in MAXIMAL_POLYTOPES. The lattice normal is a representative of a generator of the quotient of the saturated lattice of the maximal cell by the saturated lattice of the codimension one face. It is chosen such that it "points into the maximal cell" and is only unique modulo the lattice spanned by the codimension one cell.

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LATTICE_NORMAL_FCT_VECTOR: common::Map<Pair<Int, Int>, Vector<Rational>>

For each lattice normal vector, this gives a vector of length (number of rays) + (lineality dim.), such that if a rational function is given by values on the rays and lin space generators, the value of the corresponding normal LATTICE_NORMALS->{i}->{j} can be computed by multiplying the function value vector with the vector LATTICE_NORMAL_FCT_VECTOR->{i}->{j}. This is done in the following way: We use the generating system (and indices refer to SEPARATED_VERTICES) <(r_i-r_0)_i>0, s_j, l_k>, where r_0 is the ray of the maximal cone with the lowest index in SEPARATED_VERTICES, such that it fulfills x0 = 1, r_i are the remaining rays with x0 = 1, ordered according to their index in SEPARATED_VERTICES, s_j are the rays of the cone with x0 = 0 and l_k are the lineality space generators. We will then store the coefficients a_i of (r_i - r_0) at the index of r_i, then - sum(a_i) at the index of r_0 and the remaining coefficients at the appropriate places. In particular, the value of a lattice normal under a rational function can be computed simply by taking the scalar product of RAY_VALUES | LIN_VALUES with this FCT_VECTOR

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
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LATTICE_NORMAL_SUM: common::Matrix<Rational, NonSymmetric>

Rows of this matrix correspond to CODIMENSION_ONE_POLYTOPES, and each row contains the weighted sum: sum_{cone > codim-1-face}( weight(cone) * LATTICE_NORMALS->{codim-1-face}->{cone})

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
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LATTICE_NORMAL_SUM_FCT_VECTOR: common::Matrix<Rational, NonSymmetric>

Rows of this matrix correspond to SEPARATED_CODIMENSION_ONE_POLYTOPES and each row contains a function vector for the corresponding row of LATTICE_NORMAL_SUM. This function vector is computed in the same way as described under LATTICE_NORMAL_FCT_VECTOR. Note that for any codim-1-faces at which the complex is not balanced, the corresponding row is a zero row. If a face is balanced can be checked under BALANCED_FACES.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
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WEIGHTS: common::Vector<Integer>

These are the integer weights associated to the maximal cells of the complex. Entries correspond to (rows of) MAXIMAL_POLYTOPES.

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WEIGHT_CONE: polytope::Cone<Rational>

The intersection of WEIGHT_SPACE with the positive orthant.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
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WEIGHT_SPACE: common::Matrix<Rational, NonSymmetric>

A Z-basis (as rows) for the space of weight distributions on this tropical cycle making it balanced (i.e. this cycle is irreducible, if and only if WEIGHT_SPACE has only one row and the gcd of WEIGHTS is 1.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
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WEIGHT_SYSTEM: common::Matrix<Rational, NonSymmetric>

The dual of WEIGHT_SPACE.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.

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### Affine and projective coordinates

These methods deal with affine and projective coordinates, conversion between those and properties like dimension that change in projective space.

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affine_chart (chart) → fan::PolyhedralComplex<Rational>

This produces a version of the cycle in the coordinates of a standard tropical chart, i.e. one coordinate is set to 0. It is returned as an ordinary polyhedral complex (which can, for example, be used for visualization).

##### Parameters
 Int chart The coordinate which should be set to 0. Indexed from 0 to AMBIENT_DIM-1 and 0 by default.
##### Returns
 fan::PolyhedralComplex
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### Basic polyhedral operations

These methods provide basic functionality related to polyhedral geometry, but not necessarily to tropical geometry

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
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is_fan (allow_translations) → Bool

Checks whether this polyhedral structure is a fan, i.e. has only a single vertex at the origin.

##### Parameters
 Bool allow_translations . Optional and false by default. If true, a shifted fan is also accepted.
##### Returns
 Bool .
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### Combinatorics

These methods capture combinatorial information of the object. Combinatorial properties only depend on combinatorial data of the object like, e.g., the face lattice.

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facet_normal (i, j) → Int

Convenience function to ask for FACET_NORMALS_BY_PAIRS->{new Pair<Int,Int>(i,i)}

##### Parameters
 Int i Row index in CODIMENSION_ONE_POLYTOPES. Int j Row index in MAXIMAL_POLYTOPES.
##### Returns
 Int Row index in FACET_NORMALS.
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### Local computations

These methods are used for doing computations locally around a specified part of a Cycle. ----- These +++ deal with the creation and modification of cycles with nontrivial LOCAL_RESTRICTION.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
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delocalize () → Cycle

Returns the cycle without its LOCAL_RESTRICTION (Note that only the defining properties are kept. All derived information is lost).

##### Returns
 Cycle
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### Visualization

These methods are for visualization.

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BB_VISUAL ()

Displays a (possibly weighted) polyhedral complex by intersecting it with a bounding box. This bounding box is either defined by the vertices of the complex and the option "BoundingDistance" or explicitly given by "BoundingBox" and by setting "BoundingMode" to "absolute" @options

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
##### Options
 Int Chart Which affine chart to visualize, i.e. which coordinate to shift to 0. This is 0 by default. String WeightLabels If "hidden", no weight labels are displayed. Not hidden by default. String CoordLabels If "show", coordinate labels are displayed at vertices. Hidden by default. String BoundingMode Can be "relative" (intersects with the bounding box returned by the method boundingBox(BoundingDistance)) or "absolute" (intersects with the given BoundingBox). "relative" by default. Rational BoundingDistance The distance parameter for relative bounding mode Matrix BoundingBox The bounding parameter for absolute bounding mode option list: Visual::Cycle::BoundingDecorations
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bounding_box (dist, chart)

Takes a chart and a positive Rational as input and computes the relative bounding box of the cycle, i.e. it takes the coordinate-wise minimum and maximum over the coordinates of the nonfar vertices and adds/subtracts the given number. This is returned as a 2xdim matrix.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
##### Parameters
 Rational dist . Optional, 1 by default. Int chart . The chart to be used fot he computation.
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VISUAL () → fan::Visual::PolyhedralFan

Visualizes the tropical cycle. The options are more or less the same as for PolyhedralComplex's VISUAL, except that there is one option for choosing a chart. @options

##### Options
 Int Chart . Which affine chart of the cycle to visualize, i.e. which coordinate should be shifted to 0. This is 0 by default. option list: Visual::Cycle::decorations
##### Returns
 fan::Visual::PolyhedralFan
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### Weights and lattices

These methods relate to the weights of a tropical cycle.

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lattice_normal (i, j) → Vector<Integer>

Convenience function to ask for LATTICE_NORMALS->{new Pair<Int,Int>(i,i)}

##### Parameters
 Int i Row index in CODIMENSION_ONE_POLYTOPES. Int j Row index in MAXIMAL_POLYTOPES.
##### Returns
 Vector

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### Hypersurface

This is a special instance of a Cycle: It is the tropical locus of a polynomial over the tropical numbers.

derived from: Cycle

#### User Methods of Hypersurface

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dual_subdivision () → fan::PolyhedralComplex<Rational>

Subdivision of the Newton polytope dual to the tropical hypersurface. The vertices of this PolyhedralComplex are the non-redundant MONOMIALS.

##### Returns
 fan::PolyhedralComplex
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### LinesInCubic

This represents the result of the method lines_in_cubic. It contains: The tropical polynomial representing the surface, the surface itself as a Cycle and lists of lines and families of different types, each starting with LIST_...

The object also has methods, starting with array_... that return the corresponding LIST_... as a perl array. The different (lists of) lines can be visualized nicely with visualize_in_surface.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.

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### Lists of lines

These contain lists of certain (families of) lines.

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UNDOCUMENTED
##### Returns
 Cycle A perl array containing all families
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UNDOCUMENTED
##### Returns
 Cycle A perl array containing all isolated solutions
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UNDOCUMENTED
##### Returns
 Cycle A perl array version of LIST_FAMILY_FIXED_EDGE
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UNDOCUMENTED
##### Returns
 Cycle A perl array version of LIST_FAMILY_FIXED_VERTEX
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UNDOCUMENTED
##### Returns
 Cycle A perl array version of LIST_FAMILY_MOVING_EDGE
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UNDOCUMENTED
##### Returns
 Cycle A perl array version of LIST_FAMILY_MOVING_VERTEX
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UNDOCUMENTED
##### Returns
 Cycle A perl array version of LIST_ISOLATED_EDGE
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UNDOCUMENTED
##### Returns
 Cycle A perl array version of LIST_ISOLATED_NO_EDGE
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### Morphism

A morphism is a function between cycles which is locally affine linear and respects the lattices. It is defined by a DOMAIN, which is a cycle, and values on this domain, VERTEX_VALUES and LINEALITY_VALUES, much like RationalFunction. Alternatively, it can be defined as a global affine linear function by giving a matrix and a translation vector.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.

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### Defining morphisms and functions

These properties are used to define morphisms or rational functions on a Cycle.

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DOMAIN: Cycle

This property describes the domain of the morphism. I.e. the morphism is defined on this complex and is locally affine integral linear.

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IS_GLOBALLY_AFFINE_LINEAR: common::Bool

This is TRUE, if the morphism is defined on the full projective torus by a MATRIX and a TRANSLATE The rules do not actually check for completeness of the DOMAIN. This property will be set to TRUE, if the morphism is only defined by MATRIX and TRANSLATE, otherwise it is false (or you can set it upon creation).

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LINEALITY_VALUES: common::Matrix<Rational, NonSymmetric>

The vector in row i describes the function value (slope) of DOMAIN->LINEALITY_SPACE->row(i)

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MATRIX: common::Matrix<Rational, NonSymmetric>

If the morphism is a global affine linear map x |-> Ax+v, then this contains the matrix A. Note that this must be well-defined on tropical projective coordinates, so the sum of the columns of A must be a multiple of the (1,..,1)-vector. If TRANSLATE is set, but this property is not set, then it is the identity by default.

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TRANSLATE: common::Vector<Rational>

If the morphism is a global affine linear map x |-> Ax+v, then this contains the translation vector v. If MATRIX is set, but this property is not set, then it is the zero vector by default.

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VERTEX_VALUES: common::Matrix<Rational, NonSymmetric>

The vector at row i describes the function value of vertex DOMAIN->SEPARATED_VERTICES->row(i). (In tropical homogenous coordinates, but without leading coordinate). More precisely, if the corresponding vertex is not a far ray, it describes its function value. If it is a directional ray, it describes the slope on that ray.

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### Affine and projective coordinates

These methods deal with affine and projective coordinates, conversion between those and properties like dimension that change in projective space.

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affine_representation (domain_chart, target_chart) → Pair<Matrix<Rational>, Vector<Rational> >

Computes the representation of a morphism (given by MATRIX and TRANSLATE) on tropical affine coordinates.

##### Parameters
 Int domain_chart Which coordinate index of the homogenized domain is shifted to zero to identify it with the domain of the affine function. 0 by default. Int target_chart Which coordinate of the homogenized target space is shifted to zero to identify it with the target of the affine function. 0 by default.
##### Returns
 Pair, Vector > A matrix and a translate in affine coordinates.
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### Morphisms

These are general methods that deal with morphisms and their arithmetic.

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after (g) → Morphism

Computes the composition of another morphism g and this morphism. This morphism comes after g.

##### Parameters
 Morphism g
##### Returns
 Morphism this after g
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before (g) → Morphism

Computes the composition of this morphism and another morphism g. This morphism comes before g.

##### Parameters
 Morphism g
##### Returns
 Morphism g after f
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restrict (Some) → Morphism

Computes the restriction of the morphism to a cycle. The cycle need not be contained in the DOMAIN of the morphism, the restriction will be computed on the intersection.

##### Parameters
 Cycle Some cycle living in the same ambient space as the DOMAIN
##### Returns
 Morphism The restriction of the morphism to the cycle (or its intersection with DOMAIN.
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### Visualization

These methods are for visualization.

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BB_VISUAL ()

Visualizes the domain of the morphism. Works exactly as BB_VISUAL of WeightedComplex, but has additional option @options

##### Options
 String FunctionLabels If set to "show", textual function representations are diplayed on cones. False by default option list: Visual::Cycle::FunctionDecorations
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### RationalCurve

An n-marked rational curve, identified by its SETS, i.e. its partitions of {1,...,n} and its COEFFICIENTS, i.e. the lengths of the corresponding edges.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.

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### Combinatorics

These properties capture combinatorial information of the object. Combinatorial properties only depend on combinatorial data of the object like, e.g., the face lattice.

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COEFFS: common::Vector<Rational>

A list of positive rational coefficients. The list should have the same length as SETS and contain only entries > 0. The i-th entry then gives the length of the bounded edge defined by the i-th partition. If you're not sure if all your coefficients are > 0, use INPUT_SETS and INPUT_COEFFS instead. Note that the zero curve (i.e. no bounded edges, only leaves) is represented by one empty set with corresponding lenghth 0.

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GRAPH: graph::Graph<Undirected>

Contains the abstract graph (non-metric) corresponding to the curve. All unbounded leaves are modelled as bounded edges. The vertices at the ends of the "leaves" are always the first N_LEAVES vertices.

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GRAPH_EDGE_LENGTHS: common::Vector<Rational>

Contains the lengths of the edges of GRAPH that represent bounded edges of the curve. The coefficients appear in the order that the corr. edges appear in EDGES.

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NODES_BY_LEAVES: common::IncidenceMatrix<NonSymmetric>

This incidence matrix gives a list of the vertices of the curve Each row corresponds to a vertex and contains as a set the [[LEAVES] that are attached to that vertex (again, counting from 1!)

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NODES_BY_SETS: common::IncidenceMatrix<NonSymmetric>

This incidence matrix gives a list of the vertices of the curve Each row corresponds to a vertex and contains as a set the row indices of the SETS that correspond to edges attached to that vertex

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NODE_DEGREES: common::Vector<Int>

This gives a list of the vertices of the curve in terms of their valences They appear in the same order as in NODES_BY_LEAVES or NODES_BY_SETS

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N_LEAVES: common::Int

The number of leaves of the rational curve.

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SETS: common::IncidenceMatrix<NonSymmetric>

A list of partitions of [n] that define the tree of the curve: For each bounded edge we have the corresponding partition of the n leaves. These should be irredundant. If you want to input a possibly redundant list, use INPUT_SETS and INPUT_COEFFS instead. The number of marked leaves should always be given by N_LEAVES. The sets are subsets of {1,...,n} (NOT {0,..,n-1}!) Note that the zero curve (i.e. no bounded edges, only leaves) is represented by one empty set with corresponding lenghth 0.

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### Input property

These properties are for input only. They allow redundant information.

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INPUT_COEFFS: common::Vector<Rational>

Same as COEFFS, except that entries may be <=0. This should have the same length as INPUT_SETS.

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INPUT_SETS: common::IncidenceMatrix<NonSymmetric>

Same as SETS, except that sets may appear several times.

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INPUT_STRING: common::String

This property can also be used to define a rational curve: A linear combination of partitions is given as a string, using the following syntax: A partition is given as a subset of {1,..,n} and written as a comma-separated list of leaf indices in round brackets, e.g. "(1,2,5)" A linear combination can be created using rational numbers, "+","+" and "-" in the obvious way, e.g. "2*(1,2,5) + 1*(3,4,7) - 2(1,2) (The "*" is optional) Of course, each set should contain at least two elements. If you don't specify N_LEAVES, it is set to be the largest leaf index occuring in the sets. Partitions needn't be irredundant and coefficients can be any rational number. If the resulting element is not in the moduli space, an error is thrown.

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### Conversion

These deal with converting the representation of a rational curve between metric vector and matroid fan coordinates.

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metric_vector ()

Returns the (n over 2) metric vector of the rational n-marked curve

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### Visualization

These methods are for visualization.

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VISUAL ()

Visualizes a RationalCurve object. This visualization uses the VISUAL method of its GRAPH, so it accepts all the options of Visual::Graph::decorations. In addition it has another option @options

##### Options
 String LengthLabels If "hidden", the edges are not labelled with their lengths. Any other text is ignored. Not set to "hidden" by default. option list: Visual::RationalCurve::decorations
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### RationalFunction

A rational function on a polyhedral complex. It can be described by giving its DOMAIN, a Cycle, and values on this domain - which are encoded in the properties VERTEX_VALUES and LINEALITY_VALUES. Alternatively, it can be defined by a tropical quotient of homogeneous tropical polynomials of the same degree i.e. by giving NUMERATOR and DENOMINATOR. A DOMAIN can be defined additionally (though one should take care that both functions are actually piecewise affine linear on the cells), otherwise it will be computed as the common refinement of the domains of affine linearity of the two polynomials. Note: This has nothing to do with common's RationalFunction (which is univariate). If you want to access that type or use this type from another application, be sure to prepend the appropriate namespace identifier.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.

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### Defining morphisms and functions

These properties are used to define morphisms or rational functions on a Cycle.

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DENOMINATOR: common::Polynomial

When representing the function as a quotient of tropical polynomials, this is the denominator. Should be a homogeneous polynomial of the same degree as NUMERATOR.

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DOMAIN: Cycle

This property describes the affine linearity domains of the function. I.e. the function is affine integral linear on each maximal polytope of DOMAIN.

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IS_GLOBALLY_DEFINED: common::Bool

This is TRUE, if the function is defined on the full projective torus by a NUMERATOR and a DENOMINATOR. The rules do not actually check for completeness of the DOMAIN. This property will be set to true, if the function is created only via NUMERATOR and DENOMINATOR. Otherwise it will be set to FALSE (or you can set it manually upon creation).

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LINEALITY_VALUES: common::Vector<Rational>

The value at index i describes the function value of DOMAIN->LINEALITY_SPACE->row(i)

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NUMERATOR: common::Polynomial

When representing the function as a quotient of tropical polynomials, this is the numerator. Should be a homogeneous polynomial of the same degree as DENOMINATOR.

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POWER: common::Int

This is an internally used property that should not actually be set by the user. When creating a rational function with the ^-operator, this property is set to the exponent. The semantics is that when computing a divisor, this function should be applied so many times The usual application of this is a call to divisor($X,$f^4) or something similar. Warning: This property is not stored if the RationalFunction object is saved. Nor should be assumed to be preserved during any kind of arithmetic or restricting operation.

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VERTEX_VALUES: common::Vector<Rational>

The value at index i describes the function value at DOMAIN->SEPARATED_VERTICES->row(i). More precisely, if the corresponding vertex is not a far ray, it describes its function value. If it is a directional ray, it describes the slope on that ray.

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### Defining morphisms and functions

These methods are used to define morphisms or rational functions on a Cycle.

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Computes the restriction of this RationalFunction on a given Cycle. The cycle need not be contained in the DOMAIN of the function, the restriction will be computed on the intersection of the cycle and the DOMAIN.

##### Parameters
 Cycle C The new domain.
##### Returns
 RationalFunction
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### Visualization

These methods are for visualization.

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BB_VISUAL ()

Visualizes the domain of the function. Works exactly as BB_VISUAL of WeightedComplex, but has additional option @options

##### Options
 String FunctionLabels If set to "show", textual function representations are diplayed on cones. False by default option list: Visual::Cycle::FunctionDecorations

## User Functions

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### Abstract rational curves

These functions deal with abstract rational n-marked curves.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
•
insert_leaves (curve, nodes)

Takes a RationalCurve and a list of node indices. Then inserts additional leaves (starting from N_LEAVES+1) at these nodes and returns the resulting RationalCurve object

##### Parameters
 RationalCurve curve A RationalCurve object Vector nodes A list of node indices of the curve
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Takes a rational curve and converts it into the corresponding matroid coordinates in the moduli space of rational curves (including the leading 0 for a ray!)

##### Type Parameters
 Addition Min or Max, i.e. which coordinates to use.
##### Parameters
 RationalCurve r A rational n-marked curve
##### Returns
 Vector The matroid coordinates, tropically homogeneous and with leading coordinate
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rational_curve_from_cone (X, n_leaves, coneIndex) → RationalCurve

This takes a weighted complex X that is supposed to be of the form M_0,n x Y for some Y (It assumes that M_0,n occupies the first coordinates) and an index of a maximal cone of that complex. It then computes a rational curve corresponding to an interior point of that cone (ignoring the second component Y)

##### Parameters
 Cycle X A weighted complex of the form M_0,n x Y Int n_leaves The n in M_0,n. Needed to determine the dimension of the M_0,n component Int coneIndex The index of the maximal cone
##### Returns
 RationalCurve c The curve corresponding to an interior point
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Takes a vector from Q^((n-1) over 2) that lies in M_0,n (in its matroid coordinates) and computes the corresponding rational curve. In the isomorphism of the metric curve space and the moduli coordinates the last leaf is considered as the special leaf

##### Type Parameters
 Addition Min or Max (i.e. what are the matroid coordinates using)
##### Parameters
 Vector v A vector in the moduli space (WITH leading coordinate).
##### Returns
 RationalCurve
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rational_curve_from_metric (v) → RationalCurve

Takes a vector from Q^(n over 2) that describes an n-marked rational abstract curve as a distance vector between its leaves. It then computes the curve corresponding to this vector.

##### Parameters
 Vector v A vector of length (n over 2). Its entries are interpreted as the distances d(i,j) ordered lexicographically according to i,j. However, they need not be positive, as long as v is equivalent to a proper metric modulo leaf lengths.
##### Returns
 RationalCurve
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This takes a matrix of rays of a given cone that is supposed to lie in a moduli space M_0,n and computes the rational curve corresponding to an interior point. More precisely, if there are k vertices in homogeneous coordinates, it computes 1/k * (sum of these vertices), then it adds each directional ray. It then returns the curve corresponding to this point

##### Type Parameters
 Addition Min or Max, where the coordinates live.
##### Parameters
 Matrix rays The rays of the cone, in tropical homogeneous coordinates.
##### Returns
 RationalCurve c The curve corresponding to an interior point
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This function creates an embedding of a rational tropical curve using a given abstract curve and degree

##### Parameters
 Matrix delta The degree of the curve in tropical projectve coordinates without leading coordinate. The number of rows should correspond to the number of leaves of type and the number of columns is the dimension of the space in which the curve should be realized RationalCurve type An abstract rational curve
##### Returns
 Cycle The corresponding immersed complex. The position of the curve is determined by the first node, which is always placed at the origin
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Takes a matrix whose rows are elements in the moduli space M_0,n in matroid coordinates. Returns a list, where the i-th element is the curve corr. to the i-th row in the matrix

##### Type Parameters
 Addition Mir or Max (i.e. what are the matroid coordinates using
##### Parameters
 Matrix m A list of vectors in the moduli space (with leading coordinate).
##### Returns
 RationalCurve : An array of RationalCurves
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rational_curve_list_from_metric (m) → RationalCurve

Takes a matrix whose rows are metrics of rational n-marked curves. Returns a list, where the i-th element is the curve corr. to the i-th row in the matrix

##### Parameters
 Matrix m
##### Returns
 RationalCurve : An array of RationalCurves
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sum_curves (An, v) → RationalCurve

This function takes a vector of coefficients a_i and a list of RationalCurves c_i and computes sum(a_i * c_i). In particular, it also checks, whether the result lies in M_0,n. If not, it returns undef

##### Parameters
 RationalCurve An arbitrary list of RationalCurve objects Vector v A list of coefficients. Superfluous coefficients are ignored, missing ones replaced by +1(!)
##### Returns
 RationalCurve The linear combination of the curves defined by the coefficients or undef, if the result is not in M_0,n. The history of the operation is kept in INPUT_SETS and INPUT_COEFFS
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testFourPointCondition (v) → Int

Takes a metric vector in Q^{(n over 2)} and checks whether it fulfills the four-point condition, i.e. whether it lies in M_0,n. More precisely it only needs to be equivalent to such a vector

##### Parameters
 Vector v The vector to be checked
##### Returns
 Int A quadruple (array) of indices, where the four-point condition is violated or an empty list, if the vector is indeed in M_0,n
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### Affine and projective coordinates

These functions deal with affine and projective coordinates, conversion between those and properties like dimension that change in projective space.

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morphism_from_affine <Addition> (A, v, domain_chart, target_chart) → Morphism

Takes a representation of a morphism on affine coordinates and converts it to projective ones.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
##### Parameters
 Matrix A . The matrix of the morphism x |-> Ax + v in affine coordinates. Vector v . The translate of the morphism x |-> Ax + v in affine coordinates. Int domain_chart Which coordinate index of the homogenized domain is shifted to zero to identify it with the domain of the affine function. 0 by default. Int target_chart Which coordinate of the homogenized target space is shifted to zero to identify it with the target of the affine function. 0 by default.
##### Returns
 Morphism
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rational_fct_from_affine_denominator (p, chart) → RationalFunction

This takes a tropical polynomial p defined on tropical affine coordinates and turns it into the rational function (1/p) on tropical homogeneous coordinates

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
##### Parameters
 Polynomial > p A polynomial on affine coordinates. Int chart The index of the homogenizing coordinate. 0 by default.
##### Returns
 RationalFunction A rational function, which on the given chart is described by (1/p).
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rational_fct_from_affine_denominator (p, chart) → RationalFunction

Same as rational_fct_from_affine_denominator(Polynomial), except that it takes a string which it converts to a tropical polynomial using toTropicalPolynomial.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
##### Parameters
 String p A string that will be converted to a tropical polynomial Int chart The index of the homogenizing coordinate. 0 by default.
##### Returns
 RationalFunction
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rational_fct_from_affine_numerator (p, chart) → RationalFunction

This takes a tropical polynomial defined on tropical affine coordinates and turns it into a rational function on tropical homogeneous coordinates

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
##### Parameters
 Polynomial > p A polynomial on affine coordinates. Int chart The index of the homogenizing coordinate. 0 by default.
##### Returns
 RationalFunction A rational function, which on the given chart is described by p.
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rational_fct_from_affine_numerator (p, chart) → RationalFunction

Same as rational_fct_from_affine_numerator(Polynomial), except that it takes a string which it converts to a tropical polynomial using toTropicalPolynomial.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
##### Parameters
 String p A string that will be converted to a tropical polynomial Int chart The index of the homogenizing coordinate. 0 by default.
##### Returns
 RationalFunction
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tdehomog (A, chart, has_leading_coordinate) → Matrix<Rational>

This is the inverse operation of thomog. It assumes a list of rays and vertices is given in tropical projective coordinates and returns a conversion into affine coordinates.

##### Parameters
 Matrix A The matrix. Can also be given as an anonymous array. Int chart Optional. Indicates which coordinate should be shifted to 0. If there is a leading coordinate, the first column of the matrix will remain untouched and the subsequent ones are numbered from 0. The default value for this is 0. Bool has_leading_coordinate Whether the matrix has a leading 1/0 to indicate whether a row is a vertex or a ray. In that case, this coordinate is not touched. This is true by default.
##### Returns
 Matrix
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thomog (A, chart, has_leading_coordinate) → Matrix<Rational>

Converts tropical affine to tropical projective coordinates. It takes a matrix of row vectors in Rn-1 and identifies the latter with Rn mod (1,..,1) by assuming a certain coordinate has been set to 0. I.e. it will return the matrix with a 0 column inserted at the position indicated by chart

##### Parameters
 Matrix A The matrix. Can also be given as an anonymous array [[..],[..],..] Int chart Optional. Indicates, which coordinate of Rn mod (1,..,1) should be set to 0 to identify it with Rn-1. Note that if there is a leading coordinate, the first column is supposed to contain the 1/0-coordinate indicating whether a row is a vertex or a ray and the remaining coordinates are then labelled 0,..,n-1. This option is 0 by default. Bool has_leading_coordinate Whether the matrix has a leading 1/0 to indicate whether a row is a vertex or a ray. In that case, this coordinate is not touched. This is true by default.
##### Returns
 Matrix
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### Basic polyhedral operations

These functions provide basic functionality related to polyhedral geometry, but not necessarily to tropical geometry

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
•
affine_transform (C, M, T) → Cycle<Addition>

Computes the affine transform of a cycle under an affine linear map. This function assumes that the map is a lattice isomorphism on the cycle, i.e. no push-forward computations are performed, in particular the weights remain unchanged

##### Parameters
 Cycle C a tropical cycle Matrix M The transformation matrix. Should be given in tropical projective coordinates and be homogeneous, i.e. the sum over all rows should be the same. Vector T The translate. Optional and zero vector by default. Should be given in tropical projective coordinates (but without leading coordinate for vertices or rays). If you only want to shift a cycle, use shift_cycle.
##### Returns
 Cycle The transform M*C + T
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Computes the affine transform of a cycle under an affine linear map. This function assumes that the map is a lattice isomorphism on the cycle, i.e. no push-forward computations are performed, in particular the weights remain unchanged

##### Parameters
 Cycle C a tropical cycle Morphism M A morphism. Should be defined via MATRIX and TRANSLATE, though its DOMAIN will be ignored.
##### Returns
 Cycle The transform M(C)
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cartesian_product (cycles) → Cycle

Computes the cartesian product of a set of cycles. If any of them has weights, so will the product (all non-weighted cycles will be treated as if they had constant weight 1)

##### Parameters
 Cycle cycles a list of Cycles
##### Returns
 Cycle The cartesian product. Note that the representation is noncanonical, as it identifies the product of two projective tori of dimensions d and e with a projective torus of dimension d+e by dehomogenizing and then later rehomogenizing after the first coordinate.
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check_cycle_equality (X, Y, check_weights) → Bool

This takes two pure-dimensional polyhedral complexes and checks if they are equal i.e. if they have the same lineality space, the same rays (modulo lineality space) and the same cones. Optionally, it can also check if the weights are equal

##### Parameters
 Cycle X A weighted complex Cycle Y A weighted complex Bool check_weights Whether the algorithm should check for equality of weights. This parameter is optional and true by default
##### Returns
 Bool Whether the cycles are equal
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Takes a tropical variety on which a coarsest polyhedral structure exists and computes this structure.

##### Parameters
 Cycle complex A tropical variety which has a unique coarsest polyhedral structre Bool testFan (Optional, FALSE by default). Whether the algorithm should perform some consistency checks on the result. If true, it will check the following: - That equivalence classes of cones have convex support - That all equivalence classes have the same lineality space If any condition is violated, the algorithm throws an exception Note that it does not check whether equivalence classes form a fan This can be done via fan::check_fan afterwards, but it is potentially slow.
##### Returns
 Cycle The corresponding coarse complex. Throws an exception if testFan = True and consistency checks fail.
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contains_point (A, point) → Bool

Takes a weighted complex and a point and computed whether that point lies in the complex

##### Parameters
 Cycle A weighted complex Vector point An arbitrary vector in the same ambient dimension as complex. Given in tropical projective coordinates with leading coordinate.
##### Returns
 Bool Whether the point lies in the support of complex
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This computes the local fans at all (nonfar) vertices of a tropical cycle

##### Parameters
 Cycle C A tropical cycle
##### Returns
 Cycle A list of local cycles
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Takes a cycle and a list of rays/vertices in tropical projective coordinates with leading coordinate and triangulates the fan such that it contains these rays

##### Parameters
 Cycle F A cycle (not necessarily weighted). Matrix R A list of normalized vertices or rays Note that the function will NOT subdivide the lineality space, i.e. rays that are equal to an existing ray modulo lineality space will be ignored.
##### Returns
 Cycle A triangulation of F that contains all the original rays of F plus the ones in R
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intersect_container (cycle, container, forceLatticeComputation) → Cycle

Takes two Cycles and computes the intersection of both. The function relies on the fact that the second cycle contains the first cycle to compute the refinement correctly The function copies WEIGHTS, LATTICE_BASES and LATTICE_GENERATORS in the obvious manner if they exist.

##### Parameters
 Cycle cycle An arbitrary Cycle Cycle container A cycle containing the first one (as a set) Doesn't need to have any weights and its tropical addition is irrelevant. Bool forceLatticeComputation Whether the properties LATTICE_BASES and LATTICE_GENERATORS of cycle should be computed before refining. False by default.
##### Returns
 Cycle The intersection of both complexes (whose support is equal to the support of cycle). It uses the same tropical addition as cycle.
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recession_fan (complex) → Cycle

Computes the recession fan of a tropical variety. WARNING: This is a highly experimental function. If it works at all, it is likely to take a very long time for larger objects.

##### Parameters
 Cycle complex A tropical variety
##### Returns
 Cycle A tropical fan, the recession fan of the complex
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set_theoretic_intersection (A, B) → fan::PolyhedralComplex

Computes the set-theoretic intersection of two cycles and returns it as a polyhedral complex. The cycles need not use the same tropical addition

##### Parameters
 Cycle A Cycle B
##### Returns
 fan::PolyhedralComplex The set-theoretic intersection of the supports of A and B
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Computes the shift of a tropical cycle by a given vector

##### Parameters
 Cycle C a tropical cycle Vector T The translate. Optional and zero vector by default. Should be given in tropical projective coordinates (but without leading coordinate for vertices or rays).
##### Returns
 Cycle The shifted cycle
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skeleton_complex (C, k, preserveRays) → Cycle<Addition>

Takes a polyhedral complex and computes the k-skeleton. Will return an empty cycle, if k is larger then the dimension of the given complex or smaller than 0.

##### Parameters
 Cycle C A polyhedral complex. Int k The dimension of the skeleton that should be computed Bool preserveRays When true, the function assumes that all rays of the fan remain in the k-skeleton, so it just copies the VERTICES, instead of computing an irredundant list. By default, this property is false.
##### Returns
 Cycle The k-skeleton (without any weights, except if k is the dimension of C
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Takes a cycle and computes a triangulation

##### Parameters
 Cycle F A cycle (not necessarily weighted)
##### Returns
 Cycle A simplicial refinement of F
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These functions deal with the conversion of tropical objects between Min and Max.

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This function takes a tropical cone and returns a tropical cone that uses the opposite tropical addition. By default, the signs of the POINTS are inverted.

##### Parameters
 Cone cone Bool strong_conversion This is optional and TRUE by default. It indicates, whether the signs of the vertices should be inverted.
##### Returns
 Cone
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This function takes a tropical cycle and returns a tropical cycle that uses the opposite tropical addition. By default, the signs of the vertices are inverted.

##### Parameters
 Cycle cycle Bool strong_conversion This is optional and TRUE by default. It indicates, whether the signs of the vertices should be inverted.
##### Returns
 Cycle
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This function takes a tropical number and returns a tropical number that uses the opposite tropical addition. By default, the sign is inverted.

##### Parameters
 TropicalNumber number Bool strong_conversion This is optional and TRUE by default. It indicates, whether the sign of the number should be inverted.
##### Returns
 TropicalNumber
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This function takes a vector of tropical numbers and returns a vector that uses the opposite tropical addition. By default, the signs of the entries are inverted.

##### Parameters
 Vector > vector Bool strong_conversion This is optional and TRUE by default. It indicates, whether the signs of the entries should be inverted.
##### Returns
 Vector
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This function takes a matrix of tropical numbers and returns a matrix that uses the opposite tropical addition. By default, the signs of the entries are inverted.

##### Parameters
 Matrix > matrix Bool strong_conversion This is optional and TRUE by default. It indicates, whether the signs of the entries should be inverted.
##### Returns
 Matrix
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This function takes a ring over the tropical numbers and returns a ring that uses the opposite tropical addition. Variable names are preserved

##### Parameters
 Ring > ring
##### Returns
 Ring
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This function takes a tropical polynomial and returns a tropical polynomial that uses the opposite tropical addition. By default, the signs of the coefficients are inverted.

##### Parameters
 Polynomial > polynomial Bool strong_conversion This is optional and TRUE by default. It indicates, whether the signs of the coefficients should be inverted.
##### Returns
 Polynomial
•

### Creation function for specific morphisms and functions

These functions create specific morphisms and functions.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
•

This creates a linear projection from the projective torus of dimension n to a given set of coordinates.

##### Parameters
 Int n The dimension of the projective torus which is the domain of the projection. Set s The set of coordinaes to which the map should project. Should be a subset of (0,..,n)
##### Returns
 Morphism The projection map.
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projection_map (n, m) → Morphism

This computes the projection from a projective torus of given dimension to a projective torus of lower dimension which lives on the first coordinates

##### Parameters
 Int n The dimension of the larger torus Int m The dimension of the smaller torus
##### Returns
 Morphism The projection map
•

### Creation functions for specific cycles

These functions are special +++ for creating special tropical cycles.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
•

This creates a true affine linear space.

##### Parameters
 Matrix lineality (Row) generators of the lineality space, in tropical homogeneous coordinates, but without the leading zero Vector translate Optional. The vertex of the space. By default this is the origin Integer weight Optional. The weight of the space. By default, this is 1.
##### Returns
 Cycle
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This creates the k-skeleton of the tropical variety dual to the cross polytope

##### Parameters
 Int n The (projective) ambient dimension Int k The (projective) dimension of the variety. Rational h Optional, 1 by default. It is a nonnegative number, describing the height of the one interior lattice point of the cross polytope. Integer weight Optional, 1 by default. The (global) weight of the variety
##### Returns
 Cycle The k-skeleton of the tropical hypersurface dual to the cross polytope. It is a smooth (for weight 1), irreducible (for h > 0) variety, which is invariant under reflection.
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Creates the empty cycle in a given ambient dimension (i.e. it will set the property PROJECTIVE_AMBIENT_DIM.

##### Parameters
 Int ambient_dim The ambient dimension
##### Returns
 Cycle The empty cycle
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halfspace_subdivision <Addition> (a, g, The) → Cycle

Creates a subdivision of the tropical projective torus along an affine hyperplane into two halfspaces. This hyperplane is defined by an equation gx = a

##### Parameters
 Rational a The constant coefficient of the equation Vector g The linear coefficients of the equation Note that the equation must be homogeneous in the sense that (1,..1) is in its kernel, i.e. all entries of g add up to 0. Integer The (constant) weight this cycle should have
##### Returns
 Cycle The halfspace subdivision
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Creates the orthant subdivision around a given point on a given chart, i.e. the corresponding affine chart of this cycle consists of all 2^n fulldimensional orthants

##### Parameters
 Vector point The vertex of the subdivision. Should be given in tropical homogeneous coordinates with leading coordinate. Int chart On which chart the cones should be orthants, 0 by default. Integer weight The constant weight of the cycle, 1 by default.
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point_collection <Addition> (points, weights) → Cycle

Creates a cycle consisting of a collection of points with given weights

##### Parameters
 Matrix points The points, in tropical homogeneous coordinates (though not with leading ones for vertices). Vector weights The list of weights for the points
##### Returns
 Cycle The point collection.
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projective_torus <Addition> (n, w) → Cycle

Creates the tropical projective torus of a given dimension. In less fancy words, the cycle is the complete complex of given (tropical projective) dimension n, i.e. Rn

##### Parameters
 Int n The tropical projective dimension. Integer w The weight of the cycle. Optional and 1 by default.
##### Returns
 Cycle The tropical projective torus.
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uniform_linear_space <Addition> (n, k, weight) → Cycle

Creates the linear space of the uniform matroid of rank k+1 on n+1 variables.

##### Parameters
 Int n The ambient (projective) dimension. Int k The (projective dimension of the fan. Integer weight The global weight of the cycle. 1 by default.
##### Returns
 Cycle A tropical linear space.
•

### Degeneracy tests

These functions test cycles for degeneracy, i.e. whether a cycle is the empty cycle

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
•
is_empty ()

This tests wheter a cycle is the empty cycle.

•

### Divisor computation

These functions deal with the computation of divisors

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
•
divisor (C, F) → Cycle

This function computes the divisor of one or more rational functions on a tropical cycle.

##### Parameters
 Cycle C A tropical cycle RationalFunction F An arbitrary list of rational functions (r_1,...r_n). The DOMAIN of r_i should contain the support of r_{i-1} * ... * r_1 * C. Note that using the ^-operator on these rational functions is allowed and will result in applying the corresponding function several times.
##### Returns
 Cycle The divisor r_n * ... * r_1 * C
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divisor_nr (C, F) → Cycle

This function computes the divisor of one or more rational functions on a tropical cycle. It should only be called, if the DOMAIN of all occuring cycles is the cycle itself. This function will be faster than divisor, since it computes no refinements.

##### Parameters
 Cycle C A tropical cycle RationalFunction F An arbitrary list of rational functions (r_1,...r_n). The DOMAIN of each function should be equal (in terms of VERTICES and MAXIMAL_POLYTOPES) to the cycle. Note that using the ^-operator on these rational functions is allowed and will result in applying the corresponding function several times.
##### Returns
 Cycle The divisor r_n * ... * r_1 * C
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piecewise_divisor (F, cones, coefficients) → Cycle<Addition>

Computes a divisor of a linear sum of certain piecewise polynomials on a simplicial fan.

##### Parameters
 Cycle F A simplicial fan without lineality space in non-homog. coordinates IncidenceMatrix cones A list of cones of F (not maximal, but all of the same dimension). Each cone t corresponds to a piecewise polynomial psi_t, defined by subsequently applying the rational functions that are 1 one exactly one ray of t and 0 elsewhere. Note that cones should refer to indices in SEPARATED_VERTICES, which may have a different order Vector coefficients A list of coefficients a_t corresponding to the cones.
##### Returns
 Cycle The divisor sum_t a_t psi_t * F
•

### gfan

These functions are wrappers for gfan functions.

•
gfan_tropicalbruteforce (I) → fan::SymmetricFan

Calls gfan_tropicalbruteforce for a homogeneous ideal. If the ideal contains a monomial, gfan will return an empty object and the xslt parsing fails. We do not catch this for you.

##### Parameters
 ideal::Ideal I homogeneous ideal
##### Returns
 fan::SymmetricFan
•
gfan_tropicalhypersurface (p) → Cycle<Max>

Calls gfan_tropicalhypersurface for a single polynomial. If the polynomial is a monomial, gfan will return an empty object and the xslt parsing fails. We do not catch this for you.

##### Parameters
 Polynomial p homogeneous polynomial
##### Returns
 Cycle
•
gfan_tropicalintersection (I) → Cycle<Max>

Calls gfan_tropicalintersection for a homogeneous ideal.

##### Parameters
 ideal::Ideal I homogeneous ideal
##### Returns
 Cycle most likely not balanced
•
gfan_tropicalvariety_of_prime (I) → Cycle<Max>

Calls gfan_tropicalstartingcone | gfan_tropicaltraverse for a homogeneous prime ideal. If the ideal contains a monomial, gfan will return an empty object and the xslt parsing fails. We do not catch this for you.

##### Parameters
 ideal::Ideal I homogeneous prime ideal
##### Returns
 Cycle
•

### Hurwitz cycles

These functions deal with the creation and study of tropical Hurwitz cycles.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
•

This function computes the Hurwitz cycle H_k(x), x = (x_1,...,x_n)

##### Type Parameters
 Addition Min or Max, where the coordinates live.
##### Parameters
 Int k The dimension of the Hurwitz cycle, i.e. the number of moving vertices Vector degree The degree x. Should add up to 0 Vector points Optional. Should have length n-3-k. Gives the images of the fixed vertices (besides 0). If not given all fixed vertices are mapped to 0 and the function computes the recession fan of H_k(x)
##### Options
 Bool Verbose If true, the function outputs some progress information. True by default.
##### Returns
 Cycle H_k(x), in homogeneous coordinates
•

Computes the marked k-dimensional tropical Hurwitz cycle H_k(degree)

##### Parameters
 Int k The dimension of the Hurwitz cycle Vector degree The degree of the covering. The sum over all entries should be 0 and if n := degree.dim, then 0 <= k <= n-3 Vector pullback_points The points p_i that should be pulled back to determine the Hurwitz cycle (in addition to 0). Should have length n-3-k. If it is not given, all p_i are by default equal to 0 (same for missing points)
##### Returns
 Cycle The marked Hurwitz cycle H~_k(degree)
•
hurwitz_pair <Addition> (k, degree, points) → List

This function computes hurwitz_subdivision and hurwitz_cycle at the same time, returning the result in an array

##### Type Parameters
 Addition Min or Max, where the coordinates live.
##### Parameters
 Int k The dimension of the Hurwitz cycle, i.e. the number of moving vertices Vector degree The degree x. Should add up to 0 Vector points Optional. Should have length n-3-k. Gives the images of the fixed vertices (besides 0). If not given all fixed vertices are mapped to 0 and the function computes the subdivision of M_0,n containing the recession fan of H_k(x)
##### Options
 Bool Verbose If true, the function outputs some progress information. True by default.
##### Returns
 List ( Cycle subdivision of M_0,n, Cycle Hurwitz cycle )
•

Does the same as hurwitz_pair, except that no points are given and the user can give a RationalCurve object representing a ray. If given, the computation will be performed locally around the ray.

##### Type Parameters
 Addition Min or Max, where the coordinates live.
##### Parameters
 Int k Vector degree RationalCurve local_curve
##### Options
 Bool Verbose If true, the function outputs some progress information. True by default.
•
hurwitz_subdivision <Addition> (k, degree, points) → Cycle

This function computes a subdivision of M_0,n containing the Hurwitz cycle H_k(x), x = (x_1,...,x_n) as a subfan. If k = n-4, this subdivision is the unique coarsest subdivision fulfilling this property

##### Type Parameters
 Addition Min or Max, where the coordinates live.
##### Parameters
 Int k The dimension of the Hurwitz cycle, i.e. the number of moving vertices Vector degree The degree x. Should add up to 0 Vector points Optional. Should have length n-3-k. Gives the images of the fixed vertices (besides the first one, which always goes to 0) as elements of R. If not given, all fixed vertices are mapped to 0 and the function computes the subdivision of M_0,n containing the recession fan of H_k(x)
##### Options
 Bool Verbose If true, the function outputs some progress information. True by default.
##### Returns
 Cycle A subdivision of M_0,n
•

### Intersection theory

These are general functions related to intersection theory.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
•
degree (A) → Integer

Computes the degree of a tropical variety as the total weight of the 0-dimensional intersection product obtained by intersecting with the complementary uniform linear space.

##### Parameters
 Cycle A tropical cycle
##### Returns
 Integer The degree
•
intersect (X, Y) → Cycle

Computes the intersection product of two tropical cycles in the projective torus Use intersect_check_transversality to check for transversal intersections

##### Parameters
 Cycle X A tropical cycle Cycle Y A tropical cycle, living in the same ambient space as X
##### Returns
 Cycle The intersection product
•
intersect_check_transversality (X, Y, ensure_transversality) → List

Computes the intersection product of two tropical cycles in R^n and tests whether the intersection is transversal (in the sense that the cycles intersect set-theoretically in the right dimension).

##### Parameters
 Cycle X A tropical cycle Cycle Y A tropical cycle, living in the same space as X Bool ensure_transversality Whether non-transversal intersections should not be computed. Optional and false by default. If true, returns the zero cycle if it detects a non-transversal intersection
##### Returns
 List ( Cycle intersection product, Bool is_transversal). Intersection product is a zero cycle if ensure_transversality is true and the intersection is not transversal. is_transversal is false if the codimensions of the varieties add up to more than the ambient dimension.
•
intersect_in_smooth_surface (surface, A, B) → Cycle<Addition>

Computes the intersection product of two cycles in a smooth surface

##### Parameters
 Cycle surface A smooth surface Cycle A any cycle in the surface Cycle B any cycle in the surface
##### Returns
 Cycle The intersection product of A and B in the surface
•

Constructs a list of rational functions that cut out a single point in the projective torus

##### Type Parameters
 Addition Min or Max. Determines the type of the rational functions.
##### Parameters
 Vector A point in the projective torus, given in tropical homogeneous coordinates, but without leading coordinate.
##### Returns
 RationalFunction . A perl array of rational functions of the form (v_i*x_0 + x_i)/(x_0), i = 1,..,n
•
pullback (m, r) → RationalFunction

This computes the pullback of a rational function via a morphism Due to the implementation of composition of maps, the DOMAIN of the rational function need not be contained in the image of the morphism The pullback will be defined in the preimage of the domain.

##### Parameters
 Morphism m A morphism. RationalFunction r A rational function.
##### Returns
 RationalFunction The pullback m*r.
•

### Inverse problems

These functions deal with finding rational functions to given divisors.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
•
cutting_functions (F, weight_aim) → Matrix<Rational>

Takes a weighted complex and a list of desired weights on its codimension one faces and computes all possible rational functions on (this subdivision of ) the complex

##### Parameters
 Cycle F A tropical variety, assumed to be simplicial. Vector weight_aim A list of weights, whose length should be equal to the number of CODIMENSION_ONE_POLYTOPES. Gives the desired weight on each codimension one face
##### Returns
 Matrix The space of rational functions defined on this particular subdivision. Each row is a generator. The columns correspond to values on SEPARATED_VERTICES and LINEALITY_SPACE, except the last one, which is either 0 (then this function cuts out zero and can be added to any solution) or non-zero (then normalizing this entry to -1 gives a function cutting out the desired weights on the codimension one skeleton Note that the function does not test if these generators actually define piecewise linear functions, as it assumes the cycle is simplicial
•
simplicial_diagonal_system (fan) → Matrix<Rational>

This function computes the inhomogeneous version of simplicial_piecewise_system in the sense that it computes the result of the above mentioned function (i.e. which coefficients for the piecewise polynomials yield the zero divisor) and adds another column at the end where only the entries corresponding to the diagonal cones are 1, the rest is zero. This can be seen as asking for a solution to the system that cuts out the diagonal (all solutions whose last entry is 1)

##### Parameters
 Cycle fan . A simplicial fan without lineality space.
##### Returns
 Matrix
•
simplicial_piecewise_system (F) → Matrix<Rational>

This function takes a d-dimensional simplicial fan F and computes the linear system defined in the following way: For each d-dimensional cone t in the diagonal subdivision of FxF, let psi_t be the piecewise polynomial defined by subsequently applying the rational functions that are 1 one exactly one ray of t and 0 elsewhere. Now for which coefficients a_t is sum_t a_t psi_t * (FxF) = 0?

##### Parameters
 Cycle F A simplicial fan without lineality space
##### Returns
 Matrix The above mentioned linear system. The rows are equations, the columns correspond to d-dimensional cones of FxF in the order given by skeleton_complex(simplicial_with_diagonal(F), d, 1)
•

This function takes a simplicial fan F (without lineality space) and computes the coarsest subdivision of F x F containing all diagonal rays (r,r)

##### Parameters
 Cycle F A simplicial fan without lineality space.
##### Returns
 Cycle The product complex FxF subdivided such that it contains all diagonal rays
•

### Lattices

These functions deal with lattices (meaning free abelian, finitely generated groups).

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
•
lattice_index (m) → Integer

This computes the index of a lattice in its saturation.

##### Parameters
 Matrix m A list of (row) generators of the lattice.
##### Returns
 Integer The index of the lattice in its saturation.
•
randomInteger (max_arg, n) → Array<Integer>

Returns n random integers in the range 0.. (max_arg-1),inclusive Note that this algorithm is not optimal for real randomness: If you change the range parameter and then change it back, you will usually get the exact same sequence as the first time

##### Parameters
 Int max_arg The upper bound for the random integers Int n The number of integers to be created
##### Returns
 Array
•

### Lines in surfaces

These functions deal with the computation and representation of (families of) lines in surfaces.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
•

This takes either: - A homogeneous polynomial of degree 3 in 4 variables or - A polynomial of degree 3 in 3 variables and computes the corresponding cubic and finds all tropical lines and families thereof in the cubic. The result is returned as a LinesInCubic object. Note that the function has some heuristics for recognizing families, but might still return a single family as split up into two.

##### Parameters
 Polynomial > p A homogeneous tropical polynomial of degree 3 in four variables.
##### Returns
 LinesInCubic
•

### Local computations

These functions are used for doing computations locally around a specified part of a Cycle. ----- These +++ deal with the creation and modification of cycles with nontrivial LOCAL_RESTRICTION.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
•

This takes a weighted complex and an index of one of its codimension one faces (The index is in CODIMENSION_ONE_POLYTOPES) and computes the complex locally restricted to that face

##### Parameters
 Cycle complex An arbitrary weighted complex Int face An index of a face in CODIMENSION_ONE_POLYTOPES
##### Returns
 Cycle The complex locally restricted to the given face
•

This takes a weighted complex and an arbitrary vertex in homogeneous coordinates (including the leading coordinate) that is supposed to lie in the support of the complex. It then refines the complex such that the vertex is a cell in the polyhedral structure and returns the complex localized at this vertex

##### Parameters
 Cycle complex An arbitrary weighted complex Vector v A vertex in homogeneous coordinates and with leading coordinate. It should lie in the support of the complex (otherwise an error is thrown)
##### Returns
 Cycle The complex localized at the vertex
•

This takes a tropical variety and an IncidenceMatrix describing a set of cones (not necessarily maximal ones) of this variety. It will then create a variety that contains all compatible maximal cones and is locally restricted to the given cone set.

##### Parameters
 Cycle complex An arbitrary weighted complex IncidenceMatrix cones A set of cones, indices refer to VERTICES
##### Returns
 Cycle The same complex, locally restricted to the given cones
•

This takes a weighted complex and an index of one of its vertices (the index is to be understood in VERTICES) It then localizes the variety at this vertex. The index should never correspond to a far vertex in a complex, since this would not be a cone

##### Parameters
 Cycle complex An arbitrary weighted complex Int ray The index of a ray/vertex in RAYS
##### Returns
 Cycle The complex locally restricted to the given vertex
•

### Matroids

These functions deal with matroids and matroidal fans.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
•
is_smooth (a) → List

Takes a weighted fan and returns if it is smooth (i.e. isomorphic to a Bergman fan B(M)/L for some matroid M) or not. The algorithm works for fans of dimension 0,1,2 and codimension 0,1! For other dimensions the algorithm could give an answer but it is not guaranteed.

##### Parameters
 Cycle a tropical fan F
##### Returns
 List ( Int s, Matroid M, Morphism A ). If s=1 then F is smooth, the corresponding matroid fan is Z-isomorphic to the matroid fan associated to M. The Z-isomorphism is given by A, i.e. B(M)/L = affine_transform(F,A) If s=0, F is not smooth. If s=2 the algorithm is not able to determine if F is smooth or not.
•

Uses an algorithm by Felipe Rincón to compute the matroidal fan of a given matroid. If you have a matrix at hand that represents this matroid, it is recommended to call this function with that matrix as an argument - it is significantly faster.

##### Type Parameters
 Addition Min or Max - determines the coordinates.
##### Parameters
 matroid::Matroid m A matroid
##### Returns
 Cycle The matroidal fan or Bergman fan of the matroid.
•

Uses an algorithm by Felipe Rincón to compute the bergman fan of the column matroid of the given matrix. Calling the function in this manner is significantly faster than calling it on the matroid.

##### Type Parameters
 Addition Min or Max - determines the coordinates.
##### Parameters
 Matrix m A matrix, whose column matroid is considered.
##### Returns
 Cycle The matroidal fan or Bergman fan of the matroid.
•

Computes the fan of a matroid in its chains-of-flats subdivision. Note that this is potentially very slow for large matroids.

##### Type Parameters
 Addition Min or max, determines the matroid fan coordinates.
##### Parameters
 matroid::Matroid A matroid. Should be loopfree.
##### Returns
 Cycle
•
matroid_from_fan (A) → matroid::Matroid

Takes the bergman fan of a matroid and reconstructs the corresponding matroid The fan has to be given in its actual matroid coordinates, not as an isomorphic transform. The actual subdivision is not relevant.

##### Parameters
 Cycle A tropical cycle, the Bergman fan of a matroid
##### Returns
 matroid::Matroid
•

### Moduli of rational curves

These functions deal with moduli spaces of abstract or parametrized rational curves.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
•
count_mn_cones (n, k) → Integer

Computes the number of k-dimensional cones of the tropical moduli space M_0,n

##### Parameters
 Int n The number of leaves. Should be >= 3 Int k The number of bounded edges. This argument is optional and n-3 by default
##### Returns
 Integer The number of k-dimensional cones of M_0,n
•
count_mn_rays (n) → Integer

Computes the number of rays of the tropical moduli space M_0,n

##### Parameters
 Int n The number of leaves. Should be >= 3
##### Returns
 Integer The number of rays
•

This creates the i-th evaluation function on M_0,n^(lab)(R^r,Delta) (which is actually realized as M_0,(n+|Delta|) x R^r and can be created via space_of_stable_maps).

##### Parameters
 Int n The number of marked (contracted) points Matrix Delta The directions of the unbounded edges (given as row vectors in tropical projective coordinates without leading coordinate, i.e. have r+1 columns) Int i The index of the marked point that should be evaluated. Should lie in between 1 and n Note that the i-th marked point is realized as the |Delta|+i-th leaf in M_0,(n+|Delta|) and that the R^r - coordinate is interpreted as the position of the n-th leaf. In particular, ev_n is just the projection to the R^r-coordinates
##### Returns
 Morphism ev_i. Its domain is the ambient space of the moduli space as created by space_of_stable_maps. The target space is the tropical projective torus of dimension r
•

This creates the i-th evaluation function on M_0,n^(lab)(R^r,d) (which is actually realized as M_0,(n+d(r+1)) x R^r) This is the same as calling the function evaluation_map(Int,Int,Matrix<Rational>,Int) with the standard d-fold degree as matrix (i.e. each (inverted) unit vector of R^(r+1) occuring d times).

##### Parameters
 Int n The number of marked (contracted) points Int r The dimension of the target space Int d The degree of the embedding. The direction matrix will be the standard d-fold directions, i.e. each unit vector (inverted for Max), occuring d times. Int i The index of the marked point that should be evaluated. i should lie in between 1 and n
##### Returns
 Morphism ev_i. Its domain is the ambient space of the moduli space as created by space_of_stable_maps. The target space is the tropical projective torus of dimension r
•
forgetful_map <Addition> (n, S) → Morphism

This computes the forgetful map from the moduli space M_0,n to M_0,(n-|S|)

##### Parameters
 Int n The number of leaves in the moduli space M_0,n Set S The set of leaves to be forgotten. Should be a subset of (1,..,n)
##### Returns
 Morphism The forgetful map. It will identify the remaining leaves i_1,..,i_(n-|S|) with the leaves of M_0,(n-|S|) in canonical order. The domain of the morphism is the ambient space of the morphism in matroid coordinates, as created by m0n.
•

Computes the moduli space M_0,n locally around a given list of combinatorial types. More precisely: It computes the weighted complex consisting of all maximal cones containing any of the given combinatorial types and localizes at these types This should only be used for curves of small codimension. What the function actually does, is that it combinatorially computes the cartesian products of M_0,v's, where v runs over the possible valences of vertices in the curves For max(v) <= 8 this should terminate in a reasonable time (depending on the number of curves) The coordinates are the same that would be produced by the function m0n

##### Type Parameters
 Addition Min or Max, determines the coordinates
##### Parameters
 RationalCurve R ... A list of rational curves (preferrably in the same M_0,n)
##### Returns
 Cycle The local complex
•

Creates the moduli space of abstract rational n-marked curves. Its coordinates are given as the coordinates of the bergman fan of the matroid of the complete graph on n-1 nodes (but not computed as such) The isomorphism to the space of curve metrics is obtained by choosing the last leaf as special leaf

##### Parameters
 Int n The number of leaves. Should be at least 3
##### Returns
 Cycle The tropical moduli space M_0,n
•
psi_class <Addition> (n, i) → Cycle

Computes the i-th psi class in the moduli space of n-marked rational tropical curves M_0,n

##### Parameters
 Int n The number of leaves in M_0,n Int i The leaf for which we want to compute the psi class ( in 1,..,n )
##### Returns
 Cycle The corresponding psi class
•
psi_product <Addition> (n, exponents) → Cycle

Computes a product of psi classes psi_1^k_1 * ... * psi_n^k_n on the moduli space of rational n-marked tropical curves M_0,n

##### Parameters
 Int n The number of leaves in M_0,n Vector exponents The exponents of the psi classes k_1,..,k_n. If the vector does not have length n or if some entries are negative, an error is thrown
##### Returns
 Cycle The corresponding psi class divisor
•
space_of_stable_maps <Addition> (n, d, r) → Cycle

Creates the moduli space of stable maps of rational n-marked curves into a projective torus. It is given as the cartesian product of M_{0,n+d} and R^r, where n is the number of contracted leaves, d the number of non-contracted leaves and r is the dimension of the target torus. The R^r - coordinate is interpreted as the image of the last (n-th) contracted leaf. Due to the implementation of cartesian_product, the projective coordinates are non-canonical: Both M_{0,n+d} and R^r are dehomogenized after the first coordinate, then the product is taken and homogenized after the first coordinate again. Note that functions in a-tint will usually treat this space in such a way that the first d leaves are the non-contracted ones and the remaining n leaves are the contracted ones.

##### Type Parameters
 Addition Min or Max. Determines the coordinates.
##### Parameters
 Int n The number of contracted leaves Int d The number of non-contracted leaves Int r The dimension of the target space for the stable maps.
##### Returns
 Cycle The moduli space of rational stable maps.
•

### Morphisms

These are general functions that deal with morphisms and their arithmetic.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
•

Computes the sum of two morphisms. Both DOMAINs should have the same support and the target spaces should have the same ambient dimension The domain of the result will be the common refinement of the two domains.

##### Parameters
 Morphism f Morphism g
##### Returns
 Morphism
•

### Other

Special purpose functions.

•

Compute the tropical Pluecker vector from a matrix representing points in the tropical torus. This can be used to lift regular subdivisions of a product of simplices to a matroid decomposition of hypersimplices.

##### Parameters
 Matrix > V
##### Returns
 Vector >
•
points_in_pseudovertices (points, pseudovertices) → Set<Int>

This function takes a Matrix of tropical vectors in projective coordinates (e.g. the POINTS of a Cone) and a Matrix of Scalar vectors in extended tropical projective coordinates (e.g. the PSEUDOVERTICES of a tropical Cone). It returns the set of row indices of the second matrix such that the corresponding row starts with a 1 and the remaining vector occurs in the first matrix.

##### Parameters
 Matrix> points Matrix pseudovertices
##### Returns
 Set
•

### Producing a tropical hypersurface

These functions produce a tropical hypersurface from other objects.

•

Create a tropical hyperplane as object of type Hypersurface.

##### Parameters
 Vector > coeffs coefficients of the tropical linear form (can also be specified as anonymous array).
##### Returns
 Hypersurface
•
points2hypersurface (points) → Hypersurface

Constructs a tropical hypersurface defined by the linear hypersurfaces associated to the points. If the points are min-tropical points then the output is a max-tropical hypersurface, and conversely.

##### Parameters
 Matrix > points
##### Returns
 Hypersurface
•

### Producing a tropical polytope

These functions produce an object of type Cone from other objects.

•

Produces a tropical cyclic d-polytope with n vertices. Cf.

Josephine Yu & Florian Block, arXiv: math.MG/0503279.
##### Parameters
 Int d the dimension Int n the number of generators
##### Returns
 Cone
•

Produce the tropical hypersimplex Δ(k,d). Cf.

M. Joswig math/0312068v3, Ex. 2.10.

The value of k defaults to 1, yielding a tropical standard simplex.

##### Parameters
 Int d the dimension Int k the number of +/-1 entries
##### Returns
 Cone
•

Produce the tropical matroid polytope from a matroid m. Each vertex corresponds to a basis of the matroid, the non-bases coordinates get value 0, the bases coordinates get value v, default is -orientation.

##### Type Parameters
 Addition Min or Max Scalar coordinate type
##### Parameters
 matroid::Matroid m Scalar v value for the bases
##### Returns
 Cone
•
minkowski_sum (lambda, P, mu, Q) → Cone<Addition,Scalar>

Produces the tropical polytope (lambda $$\otimes$$ P) $$\oplus$$ (mu $$\otimes$$ Q), where $$\otimes$$ and $$\oplus$$ are tropical scalar multiplication and tropical addition, respectively.

##### Parameters
 TropicalNumber lambda Cone P TropicalNumber mu Cone Q
##### Returns
 Cone
•

### Tropical covector decomposition

These functions deal with covectors of subdivision of tropical point configurations.

•
coarse_covectors (points, generators) → Matrix<int>

This computes the coarse covector of a list of points relative to a list of generators.

##### Parameters
 Matrix > points Matrix > generators
##### Returns
 Matrix . Rows correspond to points, columns to coordinates. Each entry encodes, how many generators contain a given point in a certain coordinate.
•
coarse_covectors_of_scalar_vertices (points, maximal_cells, generators) → Matrix<int>

Computes the coarse covectors of a list of scalar points, as described in covectors_of_scalar_vertices

##### Parameters
 Matrix points IncidenceMatrix maximal_cells Matrix > generators
##### Returns
 Matrix . Rows correspond to points, columns to coordinates. Each entry encodes, how many generators contain a given point in a certain coordinate.
•
covectors (points, generators) → Array<IncidenceMatrix>

This computes the (fine) covector of a list of points relative to a list of generators.

##### Parameters
 Matrix > points Matrix > generators
##### Returns
 Array . Each IncidenceMatrix corresponds to a point. Rows of a matrix correspond to coordinates and columns to generators. Each row indicates, which generators contain the point in the sector corresponding to the coordinate.
•
covectors_of_scalar_vertices (points, maximal_cells, generators) → Array<IncidenceMatrix>

This computes the (fine) covector of a list of points relative to a list of generators. The points are scalar points and they are supposed to be normalized in the following sense: - All bounded vertices have a leading 1 - All unbounded vertices have a leading 0 and all nonzero entries are either +1 or -1. (but not both) Furthermore, the points make up a polyhedral complex - in particular, every maximal cell has a bounded vertex. For the bounded vertices, covectors are computed as usual. For unbounded vertices, the nonzero entries are replaced by tropical zero, the complementary entries are copied from a bounded vertex sharing a cell and then the covector is computed.

##### Parameters
 Matrix points IncidenceMatrix maximal_cells Matrix > generators
##### Returns
 Array . Each IncidenceMatrix corresponds to a point. Rows of a matrix correspond to coordinates and columns to generators. Each row indicates, which generators contain the point in the sector corresponding to the coordinate.
•

### Tropical operations

These functions deal with general tropical arithmetic.

•
nearest_point (C, x) → Vector<TropicalNumber<Addition,Scalar> >

Compute the projection of a point x in tropical projective space onto a tropical cone C. Cf.

Develin & Sturmfels math.MG/0308254v2, Proposition 9.
##### Parameters
 Cone C Vector > x
##### Returns
 Vector >
•
norm (v) → Scalar

The tropical norm of a vector v in the tropical torus is the difference between the maximal and minimal coordinate in any coordinate representation of the vector.

##### Parameters
 Vector > v
##### Returns
 Scalar
•
principal_solution (A, b) → Vector<TropicalNumber<Addition, Scalar> >

Compute the solution of the tropical equation A * x = b. If there is no solution, the return value is 'near' a solution. Cf. Butkovič 'Max-linear systems: theory and algorithms' (MR2681232), Theorem 3.1.1

##### Parameters
 Matrix > A Vector > b
##### Returns
 Vector >
•

The tropical determinant of a matrix.

##### Parameters
 Matrix > matrix
##### Returns
 TropicalNumber
•

### Visualization

These functions are for visualization.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
•
visualize_in_surface ()

This visualizes a surface in R^3 and an arbitrary list of (possibly non-pure) Cycle objects. A common bounding box is computed for all objects and a random color is chosen for each object (except the surface)

•

### Weight space

These functions deal with the weight space of a cycle, i.e. the space of weights that make it balanced and related properties.

Contained in extension bundled:atint.
•
decomposition_polytope (A) → polytope::Polytope

Computes the possible positive decompositions into irreducible subvarieties of the same weight positivity signature (i.e. the weight on a cone has to have the same sign as in the cycle) To be precise, it computes the irreducible varieties as rays of the weight cone (where the corresponding orthant is taken such that the weight vector of X lies in that orthant). It then computes the polytope of all positive linear combinations of those irreducible varieties that produce the original weight vector.

##### Parameters
 Cycle A weighted complex
##### Returns
 polytope::Polytope
•
weight_cone (X, negative)

Takes a polyhedral complex and computes a weight cone, i.e. intersects the WEIGHT_SPACE with a chosen orthant (by default the positive orthant)

##### Parameters
 Cycle X A polyhedral complex Set negative A subset of the coordinates {0,..,N-1}, where N is the number of maximal cells of X. Determines the orthant to intersect the weight space with: All coordinates in the set are negative, the others positive If the set is not given, it is empty by default (i.e. we take the positive orthant)
•

### Weights and lattices

These functions relate to the weights of a tropical cycle.

•
is_balanced (C)

This computes whether a given cycle is balanced.

##### Parameters
 Cycle C The cycle for which to check balancing.\$ @return Bool Whether the cycle is balanced.

## Common Option Lists

•
Visual::CovectorLattice::decorations

UNDOCUMENTED

imports from: Visual::Lattice::decorations, Visual::Graph::decorations, Visual::Wire::decorations, Visual::PointSet::decorations

##### Options
 String Covectors if set to "hidden", the covectors are not displayed.
•
Visual::Cycle::BoundingDecorations

UNDOCUMENTED

imports from: Visual::Polygons::decorations, Visual::PointSet::decorations

##### Options
 Flexible Chart The visualization is always a visualization in affine coordinates. This chooses the chart String WeightLabels if set to "hidden", the labels indicating the weights are hidden String CoordLabels If set to "show", the labels indicating the vertex coordinates are displayed, otherwise they are not. Note that this is expensive and significantly increases computation time. Flexible BoundingDistance The distance of the border of the bounding box from the smallest box containing the affine points of the complex. This is only relevant, if BoundingMode is "relative" Matrix BoundingBox A fixed bounding box, determined by two row vectors that specify two of its vertices (on "on top" and one "at the bottom"). Is only relevant, if BoundingMode is "absolute" String BoundingMode If set to "relative", the function determines the smallest possible box containing all affine points of the complex and then enlarges the box by BoundingDistance to all sides. If set to "absolute", BoundingBox must be specified and the complex will be intersected with that box. "cube" does a similar thing as relative, except that the resulting bounding box is always a cube. By default this is set to "cube". Array ConeLabels A list of strings to be displayed as labels for the maximal cones. If this is empty, the weight labels (if present and not suppressed by WeightLabels=>"hidden") are displayed
•
Visual::Cycle::decorations

UNDOCUMENTED

imports from: Visual::Polygons::decorations, Visual::PointSet::decorations

##### Options
 Flexible Chart The visualization is always a visualization in affine coordinates. This chooses the chart
•
Visual::Cycle::FunctionDecorations

Visualization options for RationalFunction/Morphism->BB_VISUAL

imports from: Visual::Cycle::BoundingDecorations, Visual::Polygons::decorations, Visual::PointSet::decorations

##### Options
 String FunctionLabels , if set to "show", the function labels indicatingt the affine linear representation of each function on each cone are computed
•
Visual::RationalCurve::decorations

UNDOCUMENTED

imports from: Visual::Graph::decorations, Visual::Wire::decorations, Visual::PointSet::decorations

##### Options
 String LengthLabels if set to "hidden", the labels indicating the lengths are hidden
•
Visual::TropicalCone::decorations

UNDOCUMENTED

imports from: Visual::Polygons::decorations, Visual::PointSet::decorations

##### Options
 Flexible Chart The visualization is always in affine coordinates. This chooses the chart. Flexible GeneratorColor color of the finite POINTS of a cone Flexible PseudovertexColor color of the finite PSEUDOVERTICES of a cone